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Surge Arresters conduct lightning surges around the protected insulator so that a lightning flashover is not created. They are designed to be installed functionally in parallel with the line insulator. The arrester conducts the lightning surges around the protected insulator so that a subsequent 60 Hz fault on the circuit is not created. The arrester becomes a low ohmic path for the surge as voltage across it increases. When the voltage returns to normal, the arrester once again returns to a high ohmic device with only microamps of leakage current.

If an arrester experiences a surge higher than it is capable of handling without failure, and it is failure, equipped with an isolating device, it will isolating device, disconnect during the event.

After the surge is over, and fault current starts to flow, the disconnector senses the fault and ignites the powder built into the device.

The disconnecting device is not an interrupter so during this rare event, an interrupting device must clear the circuit.

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A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit is also known as the Graetz circuit after its inventor, physicist Leo Graetz.

In actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional model is retained.

Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from "discrete components", i.e., separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard commercial component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.

For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be desired because the bridge alone supplies an output of fixed polarity but continuously varying or "pulsating" magnitude, an attribute commonly referred to as "ripple".

The valve arrester consists of disks of zinc oxide material that exhibit low resistance at high voltage and high resistance at low voltage. By selecting an appropriate configuration of disk material, the arrester will conduct a low current of a few milliamperes at normal system voltage. During conditions of lightning or switching surge over voltage, the surge current is limited by the circuit; and for the magnitudes of current that can be delivered to the arrester location, the resulting voltage will be limited to controlled values, and to safe levels as well, when insulation levels of equipment are coordinated with the surge arrester protective characteristics.

A typical surge arrester consists of disks of zinc oxide material sized in cross-sectional area to provide desired energy discharge capability, and in axial length proportional to the voltage capability. The disks are then placed in porcelain enclosures to provide physical support and heat removal, and sealed for isolation from contamination in the electrical environment.

To analyse the electrical response of a quartz crystal resonator, it is very often useful to depict it as the equivalent electrical components that would be needed to replace it. This equivalent circuit is can then be used to analyse its response and predict its performance. The basic equivalent circuit of a crystal is shown below. In this circuit C1 represents the capacitance between the electrodes. L, C, and R represent the vibrational characteristics of the crystal. The inductance results from the mass of the material, C from the compliance, and R arises from the losses of which the greatest contributor is frictional losses.

Looking at this circuit it can be seen that there are two ways in which the circuit can resonate. One is from the resonance of L and C which provides a series resonance, giving a very low value of impedance at resonance. This is determined by the value of the resistance R. In this mode the external circuit has very little effect on the crystal resonance.

Schottky Rectifiers have been used in the power supply industry for approximately 15 years. During this time, significant fiction as well as fact has been associated with this type of rectifier. The primary assets of Schottky devices are switching speeds approaching zero-time and very low forward voltage drop (VF). This combination makes Schottky barrier rectifiers ideal for the output stages of switching power supplies. On the negative side, Schottky devices are also known for limited high-temperature operation, high eakage and limited voltage range BVR. Though these limitations exist, they are quantifiable and controllable, allowing wide application of these devices in switch mode power supplies.

Zener diodes regulate voltage by acting as complementary loads, drawing more or less current as necessary to ensure a constant voltage drop across the load. This is analogous to regulating the speed of an automobile by braking rather than by varying the throttle position: not only is it wasteful, but the brakes must be built to handle all the engine's power when the driving conditions don't demand it. Despite this fundamental inefficiency of design, zener diode regulator circuits are widely employed due to their sheer simplicity. In high-power applications where the inefficiencies would be unacceptable, other voltage-regulating techniques are applied. But even then, small zener-based circuits are often used to provide a “reference” voltage to drive a more efficient amplifier circuit controlling the main power.

Tantalum Capacitors are inherently polar devices and may be permanently damaged or destroyed if connected with the wrong polarity. The positive terminal is identified on the capacitor body by a polarity mark and the capacitor body may include an obvious geometrical shape.

However, some Series contain two capacitors connected (negative-to-negative) to form “non-polar” capacitors. Rated voltage  may be applied to these Series in either direction.

Sometimes the product cost may also impact the chosen footprint. For example, if a 1210, 22uF capacitor is more than double the cost of a 1206, then the 1206 component may be preferred. In other applications, the designer may just want to get the maximum capacitance in a limited available footprint. If, for example, there is only room for a 1206 capacitor, the 47uF part will still have the most capacitance even if it loses a larger percentage of its value than the 22uF or the 10uF parts.

The low leakage and high capacity of tantalum capacitors favors their use in sample and hold circuits to achieve long hold duration, and some long duration timing circuits where precise timing is not critical. They are also often used for power supply rail decoupling in parallel with film or ceramic capacitors with low ESR and reactance at high frequency. Tantalum capacitors can replace aluminum electrolytic capacitors in situations where the external environment or dense component packing results in a sustained hot internal environment and where high reliability is important. Equipment such as medical electronics and space equipment that require high quality and reliability make use of tantalum capacitors.

Low-voltage tantalum capacitors are commonly used in large numbers for power supply filtering on computer motherboards and in peripherals due to their small size and long-term reliability.