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Diode rectifier M7:  Lead time: 3-4 weeks

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Last shortage of tantalum capacitors happened in 2000, this year 2010, tantalum shortage happened again. It seems every 10 years, tantalum capacitors shortage happens.

AVX TAP series is dipped tantalum capacitors, their lead time is more than 50 weeks. Vishay announce of allocation of dipped tantalum capacitors. Kemet's lead time are very long too.

Kingtronics also face the same problem of tantalum powder shortage and tantalum wire shortage, however, our delivery situation are slowly improving. Especially dipped tantalum capacitors, sometimes we have stock.

Please visit our website:  http://www.kingtronics.com/tantalum-capacitors/
You can download our tantalum datasheet and cross reference. Welcome to send us inquiry for tantalum capacitors: info@kingtronics.com

Gas-filled surge arresters are classical components for protecting the installations of the telecommunications. It is essential that IT and telecommunications systems -with their high-grade but sensitive electronic circuits – be protected by arresters. They are thus fitted at the input of the power supply system together with varistors and at the connection points to telecommunication lines. They have become equally indispensable for protecting base stations in mobile telephone systems as well as extensive cable television (CATV) networks with their repeaters and distribution systems.

These protective components are also indispensable in other sectors:

• In AC power transmission systems, they are often used with current-limiting varistors
• In customer premises equipment such as DSL modems,WLAN routers, TV sets and cable modems
• In air-conditioning equipment

The integral black-box concept offers graduated protection by combining arresters with varistors, PTC thermistors, diodes and inductors to create an ideal solution for many applications.

Crystal oscillators are used in a variety of applications. In some instances crystal oscillators may be used to provide a cheap clock signal for use in a digital or logic circuit. In other instances they may used to provide an RF signal source. In view of the fact that quartz crystals offer a very high level of Q and they are stable, crystal oscillators are often used in oscillator circuits to provide stable, accurate radio frequency signals.

There is a great number of different types of circuit that can be used for crystal oscillators, each one having its own advantages and disadvantages. One of the most common circuits used for crystal oscillators is the Colpitts configuration as shown below.

In this configuration, the crystal operates in a parallel mode. When running in this mode, the crystal should be presented with a load capacitance to operate on its correct frequency. This load capacitance is specified with the crystal and is typically 20 or 30 pF. The crystal oscillator circuit will be designed to present this capacitance to the crystal. Most of this will be made up by the two capacitors C1 and C2, although the remaining elements of the circuit will provide some capacitance.

Functionally, Zener diodes are used as regulators, limiters and to control output switching. When used as regulators, the constant reverse voltage of Zener diodes allows for the regulation of output voltage against both variations in the input voltage from an unregulated power supply and from variations in the load resistance. The current traveling through Zener diodes changes to keep the voltage within the threshold of Zener action and the maximum power it can dissipate. Zener regulators tend to most efficiently function when constant voltage is applied, especially when used in conjunction with regulated power supplies, and for limiter applications.

Zener limiters are constructed with two opposing Zener diodes. Each individual diode can limit one side of a sinusoidal waveform to Zener voltage while keeping the other side near zero. When the two opposing Zener diodes are paired, the waveform is limited to Zener voltage on both polarities.

Zener diodes are also used to control output switching. In this application, Zener diodes switch the output between voltages. This is determined by the changes in input voltage through the diode. The output circuit amounts to a Zener regulator that switches from one Zener voltage to the other on transition through the Zener diode.

Kingtronics supply all kinds of Zener Diodes BZV55C & ZMM55C, http://www.kingtronics.com/pdf/BZV55C.pdf has detailed introduce Zener Diode’s features and types.

Multilayer ceramic capacitors consist of electrodes, the interleaved ceramic dielectric and the external terminal connectors. The capacitance is given by the description:

A = Electrode area
n = Number of active layers
d = Distance between electrodes
εr = Dielectric relative
ε0 = Dielectric constant

Whilst the values “A x n” and “d” are respectively determined by the production process the dielectric constant is a function of the ceramic material used.

Tantalum capacitors are manufactured from a powder of pure tantalum metal pressed to form a slug around a tantalum wire and subsequently vacuum sintered at high temperature. The resulting slug, although of high mechanical strength and density, is also highly porous giving a large internal surface area. This forms the positive "plate" of the capacitor. A dielectric layer of tantalum pentoxide is anodized on the surface of the tantalum anode, the cathode is formed by layers of manganese dioxide. Electrical contact is established by the deposition of carbon onto the surface of the "slug". The cathode connection is then made by means of conductive contact to a lead frame. Packaging is carried out to meet individual specification and customer requirements.

The tantalum capacitors must be used in such a conditions that the sum of the working voltage and ripple voltage peak values does not exceed the rated voltage.

Ceramic capacitors have a variety of different ceramic dielectrics as the basis of the capacitor. Ceramic dielectrics are made from a variety of forms of ceramic dielectric. The exact formulas of the different ceramics used in ceramic capacitors vary from one manufacturer to another but common compounds include titanium dioxide, strontium titanate, and barium titanate.

The actual performance of the ceramic capacitors is highly dependent upon the dielectric used. Using modern dielectrics, very high values are available, but it is also necessary to check parameters such as the temperature coefficient and tolerance. Different levels of performance are often governed by the dielectric used, and therefore it is necessary to choose the type of dielectric in the ceramic capacitor.

Kingtronics www.kingtronics.com  produce and sell Ceramic Capacitors all types. Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors are available in four series in Kingtronics: AKT Series Axial Lead, Axial MLCC Capacitors(Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors), MKT Series Radial MLCC Capacitors(Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors), LKT Series Chip MLCC.

Tantalum SMD capacitors are widely used to provide levels of capacitance that are higher than those that can be achieved when using ceramic capacitors. The capacitor technology that is used within SMD tantalum capacitors is based on the solid tantalum capacitor technology. This is robust and enables very small capacitors to be made.

For many years tantalum capacitors were used in SMD applications because electrolytic capacitors were not able to survive the high temperatures of the soldering process. Now that electrolytic capacitor technology has been developed to withstand the soldering process, these capacitors are now also widely used. Despite this, the other advantages of tantalum capacitors are employed in many circuits, and they are still used in vast quantities.

There are many different types of diodes that are available for use in electronics design. Different semiconductor diode types can be used to perform different functions as a result of the properties of these different diode types.

Semiconductor diodes can be used for many applications. The basic application is obviously to rectify waveforms. This can be used within power supplies or within radio detectors. Signal diodes can also be used for many other functions within circuits where the "one way" effect of a diode may be required.
 
Kingtronics sell many different types of diode, in our website we have a full products list of diode & rectifiers, please go to Products link and have a view.